Ruminative Responses Scale

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Ruminative Responses Scale

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About Ruminative Responses Scale

Scale Name

Ruminative Responses Scale

Author Details

Susan Nolen-Hoeksema

Translation Availability

Not Sure

Ruminative Responses Scale
Ruminative Responses Scale

Background/Description

Rumination is a cognitive style characterized by repetitive and negative thoughts about oneself, one’s problems, and the causes and consequences of those problems. It is a common feature of depression, but it can also occur in people who are not depressed.

Nolen-Hoeksema and Morrow (1991) developed the Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS) to assess the frequency with which individuals engage in ruminative thoughts and behaviors. The RRS was based on Nolen-Hoeksema’s theory of rumination, which posits that rumination is a maladaptive coping mechanism that can prolong and worsen negative mood states.

The RRS is a self-report measure that consists of 22 items that assess the frequency with which individuals engage in different types of ruminative thoughts and behaviors. Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale from 1 (almost never) to 4 (almost always). The total score for the RRS ranges from 22 to 88, with higher scores indicating greater levels of rumination.

The RRS can be used to assess an individual’s level of rumination, to identify individuals who are at risk for developing depression or other mental health disorders, and to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions designed to reduce rumination.

The RRS is a widely used and well-validated measure of rumination. It has been shown to have good internal consistency, reliability, and validity. It is also sensitive to changes in rumination over time.

Administration, Scoring and Interpretation

The Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS) is a self-report measure of rumination, so it is typically administered in paper-and-pencil or online format. The instructions for the RRS are as follows:

When you feel down, sad, or depressed, how often do you think about the following things?

The participant then rates each item on a 4-point Likert scale from 1 (almost never) to 4 (almost always). The total score for the RRS is calculated by summing the scores for all 22 items. A higher score indicates greater levels of rumination.

  • Ensure that the participant understands the instructions.
  • Provide the participant with a quiet and comfortable place to complete the RRS.
  • Allow the participant to complete the RRS at their own pace.
  • If the participant has any questions, answer them clearly and concisely.
  • Avoid pressuring the participant to respond to any item in a particular way.

Reliability and Validity

The Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS) has been shown to have good reliability and validity.

Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure over time and across different situations. The RRS has been shown to have good reliability, with test-retest correlations ranging from 0.70 to 0.90. This means that individuals who score high on the RRS at one point in time are likely to score high on the RRS at another point in time, and individuals who score low on the RRS at one point in time are likely to score low on the RRS at another point in time.

Validity refers to the extent to which a measure measures what it is intended to measure. The RRS has been shown to have good validity, as it is correlated with other measures of rumination and depression. For example, the RRS has been shown to be correlated with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), a widely used measure of depression.

In addition, the RRS has been shown to be sensitive to changes in rumination over time. For example, studies have shown that individuals who receive treatment for depression tend to show reductions in their RRS scores.

Available Versions

22-Items

Reference

Nolen-Hoeksema S. (1987). Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 259–282.

Nolen-Hoeksema S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 569–582.

Nolen-Hoeksema S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 504–511.

Nolen-Hoeksema S., Morrow J. (1993). Effects of rumination and distraction on naturally occurring depressed mood. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 561–570.

Important Link

Scale File:

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: What is the RRS?
A: The RRS is a self-report measure of rumination, a cognitive style characterized by repetitive and negative thoughts.

Q: What does the RRS measure?
A: The RRS measures the frequency with which individuals engage in different types of ruminative thoughts and behaviors.

Q: How is the RRS scored?
A: Each item on the RRS is rated on a 4-point Likert scale from 1 (almost never) to 4 (almost always). The total score for the RRS is calculated by summing the scores for all 22 items. Higher scores indicate greater levels of rumination.

Q: What is a good RRS score?
A: A good RRS score is below 40. Scores between 40 and 55 indicate moderate levels of rumination, and scores above 55 indicate high levels of rumination.

Q: Who should use the RRS?
A: The RRS can be used by researchers and clinicians to assess an individual’s level of rumination. It can also be used by individuals to track their own levels of rumination over time.

Q: Are there any limitations to the RRS?
A: One limitation of the RRS is that it is a self-report measure, which means that it relies on the individual’s honesty and accuracy in reporting their ruminative thoughts and behaviors. Additionally, the RRS has only been validated in English-speaking populations, so it is important to be cautious when using it with individuals from other cultures.

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1 comment

Aamir November 16, 2022 - 3:52 pm

go to this page for scale https://psychologyroots.com/request-material/ and fill the form for scale.

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