Efficacy and Processes of Change in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Chronic Pain

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Efficacy and Processes of Change in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Chronic Pain

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Abstract of the thesis

 Background: Approximately one out of five adults in Sweden suffer from longstanding pain and many experience pain-related disability and reduced quality of life. Longstanding pain is also associated with substantial societal costs and psychological factors are central to its development and maintenance. Studies imply the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for longstanding pain in adults, but there is a need for: (1) Randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of ACT compared to established treatments; (2) adequate measures for use in treatment-evaluations that assess the impact of pain on behavior; (3) further evaluations of processes of change in ACT, and specifically for studies that more adequately model change over time and investigate the temporal precedence of change in the mediator in relation to the outcome; and (4) studies evaluating the cost-effectiveness of ACT.
Aims: The overarching aims of the doctoral thesis were to evaluate the efficacy and processes of change in ACT for longstanding pain. Specifically, the aims were to evaluate: (1) The efficacy of ACT delivered in a group setting (Study I and Study II); (2) the cost-effectiveness of ACT (Study II); (3) the psychometric properties of a brief measure assessing pain interference, the Pain Interference Index (PII) (Study III); and (4) if changes in psychological inflexibility mediated changes in pain disability (Study I) and pain interference (Study IV).

Efficacy and Processes of Change in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Chronic Pain

Efficacy and Processes of Change in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Chronic Pain


Methods: The efficacy of ACT was tested in two randomized controlled trials. The first trial utilized a wait-list control condition and included women with fibromyalgia (Study I). Assessments were done pre- and post-treatment and at 3-month follow-up. In Study II adults with non-specific longstanding pain were randomized to ACT or applied relaxation (AR). Data was collected pre-, mid- and post-treatment, and at 3- and 6-month follow-up. Pain disability was the primary outcome measure in both studies. Data was analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling and latent growth curve modeling. Cost-effectiveness was evaluated by calculating the quotient of the difference in average changes in costs and pain disability in ACT and AR (Study II). The psychometric properties of the PII were evaluated using cross-sectional data from adults with non-specific longstanding pain (Study III). Analyses comprised a principal component analysis, analysis of item statistics, corrected item-total correlations and inter-item correlations. Concurrent criteria validity was evaluated using zero-order correlations and ordinary least squares regression analyses including pain intensity, pain disability, health-related quality of life and depression. In Study I mediation analyses were based on change scores in psychological inflexibility during treatment and change scores between pre- to follow-up assessment in outcomes (e.g. pain disability). Study IV incorporated the specified timeline between mediator (e.g. psychological inflexibility) and outcome (pain interference) based on session-to-session assessments from participants in Study II and used multilevel regression analyses to model change.
Results: In Study I results showed significant improvements in the ACT-condition, in pain disability, fibromyalgia impact, mental health-related quality of life, self-efficacy, depression, anxiety and psychological inflexibility. Results in Study II illustrated significant improvements across conditions from pre-treatment to follow-up in pain disability, physical health-related quality of life, pain intensity, depression and anxiety. Also, ACT improved significantly relative to AR in pain disability during treatment, but AR improved in pain disability compared to ACT between post-assessment and 6-month follow-up. Pain acceptance increased significantly only in ACT. This increase was maintained at 6-month follow-up. In addition, results indicated that ACT was more costeffective than AR at post-treatment and 3-month follow-up, but these results had leveled out at 6-month follow-up. The psychometric evaluation of PII (Study III) indicated the reliability and validity of the measure in assessing pain interference in adults. In Study I treatment changes in psychological inflexibility mediated pre- to follow-up improvements in pain disability and secondary outcome measures in ACT. Similarly, change in psychological inflexibility mediated change in pain interference in ACT during treatment in Study IV.
Discussion and conclusions: Results correspond with previous studies on ACT for longstanding pain and suggest the utility of ACT for fibromyalgia and non-specific longstanding pain (Study I and Study II). Also, psychological inflexibility is further established as a central treatment target and mediator of improvement in ACT (Study I and Study IV). Health economic analyses illustrated that ACT was associated with significant cost reductions and cost-effectiveness compared to AR up to 3-month followup (Study II). In sum, the studies add to the support for ACT for longstanding pain and specifically contribute in areas that were found to be lacking in the empirical literature.

Researcher of the Thesis 

  •  Mike Kemani

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