Life Orientation Test Revised (LOT-R)

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Life Orientation Test Revised (LOT-R)

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About Scale Name

Scale Name

Life Orientation Test Revised (LOT-R)

Author Details

Michael Scheier, Charles Carver, and Michael Bridges

Translation Availability

Not Sure

Life Orientation Test Revised (LOT-R)
Life Orientation Test Revised (LOT-R)

Background/Description

The Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) is a 10-item self-report measure of dispositional optimism, which is defined as “an individual difference variable that reflects the extent to which people hold generalized favorable expectancies for their future.”

The LOT-R was developed by Michael Scheier, Charles Carver, and Michael Bridges in 1994. It is a revision of the original Life Orientation Test (LOT), which was developed by Scheier and Carver in 1985. The LOT-R is more reliable and valid than the LOT, and it has been used in a wide range of studies to investigate the relationship between optimism and physical and mental health, coping, and performance.

The LOT-R items are scored on a 5-point scale, ranging from 0 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). The total score is the sum of the item scores, and a higher score indicates a higher level of optimism.

The LOT-R has been translated into over 30 languages and has been used in studies with people of all ages and cultures. It is a well-validated measure of dispositional optimism that has been used to investigate a wide range of psychological and physical health outcomes.

The background of the LOT-R can be traced back to the early 1980s, when Scheier and Carver were interested in the role of personality in coping with stress. They found that people who were more optimistic tended to cope better with stress than people who were more pessimistic. This led them to develop the LOT to measure dispositional optimism.

The LOT-R was developed in response to some criticisms of the original LOT. One criticism was that the LOT included items that were related to coping style, rather than optimism. The LOT-R was revised to remove these items and to focus more specifically on optimism.

The LOT-R has been shown to be a reliable and valid measure of dispositional optimism. It has been correlated with a number of other measures of optimism, including the Life Orientation Test (LOT), the Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ), and the Hope Scale. The LOT-R has also been shown to be predictive of a number of positive outcomes, such as better physical and mental health, better coping, and better performance.

The LOT-R is a well-validated measure of dispositional optimism that has been used to investigate a wide range of psychological and physical health outcomes. It is a valuable tool for researchers and clinicians who are interested in the role of optimism in human health and well-being.

Administration, Scoring and Interpretation

To administer the LOT-R, the following steps should be followed:

  • Read the instructions carefully to the participant.
  • Give the participant the LOT-R and ask them to read each item carefully and circle the number that best indicates how much they agree with each statement.
  • Allow the participant enough time to complete the LOT-R.
  • Collect the LOT-R from the participant and score it according to the instructions.

The LOT-R can be scored by hand or using a computer program. To score the LOT-R by hand, follow these steps:

  • Reverse score items 3, 7, and 9 (so that 0 becomes 4, 1 becomes 3, and so on).
  • Add up the scores for all 10 items.
  • The total score is the participant’s optimism score.

A higher score on the LOT-R indicates a higher level of optimism. The LOT-R has a possible score range of 0 to 40, with a mean score of 21.5 and a standard deviation of 5.5.

Reliability and Validity

The Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) has been shown to be a reliable and valid measure of dispositional optimism.

Reliability refers to the consistency of the test scores. The LOT-R has been shown to have high internal consistency, meaning that the items on the test are measuring the same construct. The LOT-R has also been shown to have good test-retest reliability, meaning that the scores on the test are consistent over time.

Validity refers to the extent to which the test measures what it is supposed to measure. The LOT-R has been shown to have good convergent validity, meaning that it correlates with other measures of optimism. The LOT-R has also been shown to have good predictive validity, meaning that it can predict future outcomes, such as better physical and mental health.

In a study published in the journal Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Scheier, Carver, and Bridges (1994) reported that the LOT-R had a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.82, indicating good internal consistency. The test-retest reliability of the LOT-R was also good, with a correlation of 0.75 over a two-week period.

In another study published in the journal Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Chang (2001) found that the LOT-R had good convergent validity with other measures of optimism, such as the Life Orientation Test (LOT) and the Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ). The LOT-R also had good predictive validity, with higher scores on the LOT-R predicting better physical and mental health over a two-year period.

Available Versions

10-Items

Reference

Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(6), 602-613. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167294206001

Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A re-evaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063-1078.

Important Link

Scale File:

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the LOT-R?
The LOT-R is a 10-item self-report measure of dispositional optimism.

Who developed the LOT-R?
The LOT-R was developed by Michael Scheier, Charles Carver, and Michael Bridges.

What does the LOT-R measure?
The LOT-R measures dispositional optimism, which is the tendency to expect positive outcomes.

How is the LOT-R scored?
The LOT-R is scored on a 5-point scale, ranging from 0 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree).

What is the reliability of the LOT-R?
The LOT-R has good reliability, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.82.

What is the validity of the LOT-R?
The LOT-R has good validity, with good convergent and predictive validity.

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