Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale

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Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale Urdu

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About the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale

A 25-item scale, CD-RISC measures the capability to deal with adversity and stress. Respondents were to rate each item from 0 (‘‘not true at all’’) to 4 (‘‘true nearly all the time’’). The subjects’ response ranges from 0-100 which signifies high scores lead to higher resilience. The observed alpha reliability of the present study of each factor as; 1, α=0.48, factor 2, α= 0.68, factor 3, α = 0.53, factor 4, α=0.62, and overall α=0.87.

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Frequently Asked Questions (This content copy form CD-RISC website)

Can the CD-RISC be used by all age groups?

The scale was originally developed in various cohorts of adults, but there have been many studies in which the scale was given to children and adolescents from ages 10 to 18. The results of these studies suggest that the scale performs satisfactorily in these age groups. There have also been several studies in which the scale served as a valid measure of resilience in older age groups, e.g. above age 65.

Are there translations of the CD-RISC?

Yes, there are authorized translations of the CD-RISC in the following languages: Afrikaans, Amharic, Arabic, Bahasa Indonesian, Bahasa Malaysian, Bemba, Bosnian, Chinese (Taiwan and Peoples Republic), Burmese (CD-RISC-2), Croatian, Creole, Czech, Danish, Dari, Dutch, Farsi, Finnish, French (France, Belgium, Canada), German, Greek, Hakha Chin (CD-RISC-2), Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Icelandic, isiXhosa, isiZulu, Italian, Japanese, Kannada, Kinyarwanda, Kiswahili, Khmer (CD-RISC-10), Korean, Kurdish, Lithuanian, Macedonian, Malayalam, Marathi, Nepali, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese (Europe, Brazil), Quechua, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovenian, Somali (CD-RISC-2), Spanish (Europe, Caribbean, Central America, South America), Swedish, Tagalog, Tamil, Telugu, Thai, Tigrinya (CD-RISC-2), Turkish, Urdu, Vietnamese (CD-RISC-10), Welsh.

Are all translations of the scale authorized?

We have become aware of some unauthorized translations of the CD-RISC, i.e. they have been undertaken without the permission of either Dr. Connor or Dr. Davidson. Some of these translations have been based on an incomplete version of the scale and cannot be considered valid or reliable.

If you are interested in using a translation, we encourage you to contact us before proceeding. If you wish to undertake a translation, please contact us for details of the standard translation procedure.

The scale can only be obtained directly from Dr. Connor or Dr. Davidson after an agreement has been completed.

Do unauthorized forms of the CD-RISC exist?

Even if it may seem as if the scale could be improved as a result of making changes, we want to preserve the integrity of the CD-RISC as it has been developed. Any modifications to the scale’s content or order of items will result in a measure that may be invalid and/or unreliable.

At least three unvalidated versions of the CD-RISC have appeared in the literature. These have neither been properly tested nor should be used. (1) An 11-item CD-RISC was briefly used by the developers of the scale and subsequently abandoned; (2) a 25 item version of the scale has appeared in a textbook, and has been altered from the original scale; (3) a 27-item CD-RISC has been presented as a modification and improvement on the original scale, with many changes having been made based on an incomplete version of the CD-RISC. (4) Fourthly, some authors have taken the scale directly from Connor and Davidson (2003) in which we described the essential features of the scale. This too is an incomplete presentation of the CD-RISC and should not be used.

Any other versions of the CD-RISC that have appeared in the literature, and/or which have been described using terms such as “modified”, “expanded”, “improved”, “CD-RISC-8”, are unauthorized and should not be used or disseminated.

How long does it take to complete the CD-RISC?

The 25 item scale can be completed in about 5-10 minutes unless there are complicating factors. The 10 and 2 item scales can be completed in between 1 and 5 minutes. If difficulty is encountered in completing the scale (e.g. reading problems, poor concentration, etc), it may be helpful to obtain the assistance of a colleague or staff person who can explain items or read them out slowly.

What are the uses of a resilience scale such as the CD-RISC?

The scale has been developed and tested as (i) a measure of the degree of resilience, (ii) as a predictor of outcome to treatment with medication or psychotherapy, stress management, and resilience-building; (iii) as a marker of progress during treatment; (iv) as a marker of biological (i.e. physical) changes in the brain. The scale also has promise as a method to screen people for high, intermediate, or low resilience.

Any of the three forms of the CD-RISC can be used in the ways described in the above paragraph. The decision as to which one to use is usually guided by the time available, and a judgment as to what kinds of information are to be obtained. For example, items relating to spirituality and faith are to be found only in the 25 item scale. For a very brief measure, such as an early screen or a lengthy questionnaire where “space” is at a premium, the 2 item scale may be most suitable. For a factorially homogeneous scale that focuses mainly on hardiness, the 10 item scale would be particularly suitable.

I have completed a dissertation that used the CD-RISC to measure resilience. Can include the scale on a university website as part of my dissertation?

The scale is copyright and not in the public domain, and unfortunately, we are not able to grant permission for its reproduction in any form of print or electronic medium. We would be pleased to discuss individual situations as needed.

The scale is described in your publication in Depression and Anxiety (Connor & Davidson, 2003). Can I then use it directly from the publication?

The scale content and item sequence are presented but the item wording is incomplete and several important details are missing and the complete CD-RISC does not appear in this report. Therefore any representation of the scale which is derived from the Depression and Anxiety publication is incomplete, and the scale cannot be reconstructed from this publication.

How do I handle missing responses?

We recommend that missing responses are scored at the mean for the other items. In order to consider the scale to be valid, at least 75% (19 items) should have been completed. Anything less than that is considered an invalid assessment.

For the CD-RISC-10, at least 7 of the 10 items should be completed in order to consider the scale as valid. For missing answers, the mean of all completed answers can be used to impute the score.

Is the scale easy to read?

The Flesch Reading Ease score ranges from 75-77 for the 2, 10, and 25 item scales. This indicates that the scale can be easily understood by most 12-year-olds. However, the CD-RISC has been successfully used in studies of children as young as 10 years of age (e.g. Vetter et al, 2010). In situations where the subject is either restricted in literacy skills or has other problems with understanding the CD-RISC, it is recommended that an assistant read out the scale.

What level of education is required in order to complete the scale?

The Flesch-Kincaid Grade score is 5.1 for all three forms of the CD-RISC. It is thus expected that scale should be understood by those with a fifth grade level of education.

I have not seen a copy of the CD-RISC, but am interested in potentially using it. Is it possible to see and review the scale before deciding on whether I want to use it?

We would be pleased to provide a copy of the scale for review purposes if you are unsure whether to use it. A non-refundable fee of $10 US is payable. If later, you decide to use the scale, this fee is deducted from the applicable user fee.

Information:

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