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The General Self Efficacy Scale
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About The General Self Efficacy Scale
Scale Name
The General Self Efficacy Scale
Author Details
Ralf Schwarzer & Matthias Jerusalem
Prof. Dr. Ralf Schwarzer,
Freie Universität Berlin, Psychologie,
Habelschwerdter Allee 45,
14195 Berlin, Germany,
FAX +49 (30)838-55634
E-mail: health@zedat.fu-berlin.dehttp://www.RalfSchwarzer.de
Translation Availability
Not Sure
Background/Description
The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) is a 10-item psychometric scale that is designed to assess optimistic self-beliefs to cope with a variety of difficult demands in life. It was developed by Matthias Jerusalem and Ralf Schwarzer in 1981 and has since been translated into more than 30 languages. The GSE is one of the most widely used measures of self-efficacy in the world.
The concept of self-efficacy was first introduced by psychologist Albert Bandura in 1977. Bandura defined self-efficacy as “one’s beliefs in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given attainments.” In other words, self-efficacy is our belief in our ability to succeed.
Bandura’s research showed that self-efficacy has a powerful impact on our behavior. People with high self-efficacy are more likely to set challenging goals, persevere in the face of obstacles, and bounce back from failure. They are also more likely to experience positive emotions such as happiness and satisfaction.
The General Self Efficacy Scale is a self-report scale that consists of 10 items. Each item is a statement about a person’s confidence in their ability to cope with a variety of challenging situations. For example, one item states, “I think I can handle whatever comes my way.” Another item states, “I can stick to a plan of action even if it’s difficult.”
Participants rate each item on a 4-point scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). The total score on the GSE is calculated by summing the responses to all 10 items. Higher scores indicate higher levels of self-efficacy.
Administration, Scoring and Interpretation
The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) is a self-report scale, so it can be administered individually or in groups. It is usually administered in paper-and-pencil format, but it can also be administered electronically.
To administer the GSE, simply provide participants with a copy of the scale and ask them to read the instructions carefully. Participants should then rate each item on the scale using the 4-point Likert scale provided.
Once participants have completed the scale, you can calculate their total score by summing their responses to all 10 items. Higher scores indicate higher levels of self-efficacy.
Here are some additional tips for administering the GSE:
- Make sure that participants have a quiet and comfortable place to complete the scale.
- Allow participants enough time to complete the scale without feeling rushed.
- Encourage participants to answer each item honestly and thoughtfully.
- If participants have any questions about the scale, be sure to answer them clearly and concisely.
Reliability and Validity
The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) has been shown to have good reliability and validity.
Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure. A reliable measure will produce similar results when administered to the same people on different occasions.
The GSE has good internal consistency reliability, with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients typically ranging from .76 to .90. This means that the items on the scale are highly correlated with each other, suggesting that they are all measuring the same underlying construct (i.e., self-efficacy).
The GSE also has good test-retest reliability, with correlation coefficients typically ranging from .69 to .80. This means that people’s scores on the GSE tend to be relatively stable over time.
Validity refers to the degree to which a measure accurately assesses what it is intended to measure.
The General Self Efficacy Scale has good content validity, as the items on the scale were carefully developed to reflect the concept of self-efficacy.
The General Self Efficacy Scale also has good construct validity, as it has been shown to correlate with other measures of self-efficacy, as well as with measures of other constructs that are theoretically related to self-efficacy, such as optimism and coping ability.
Available Versions
10-Items
Reference
Jerusalem, M., & Schwarzer, R. (1992). Self-efficacy as a resource factor in stress appraisal processes. In R. Schwarzer (Ed.), Self-efficacy: Thought control of action (pp. 195-213). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
Schwarzer, R. (Ed.) (1992). Self-efficacy: Thought control of action. Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston, Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35-37). Windsor, UK: NFER-NELSON.
Zhang, J. X., & Schwarzer, R. (1995). Measuring optimistic self-beliefs: A Chinese adaptation of the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Psychologia: An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient, 38 (3), 174-181.
Important Link
Scale File:
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the General Self Efficacy Scale?
The GSE is a 10-item self-report scale that measures a person’s general belief in their ability to cope with challenging situations.
How is the General Self Efficacy Scale scored?
Each item on the GSE is rated on a 4-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). The total score on the GSE is calculated by summing the responses to all 10 items. Higher scores indicate higher levels of self-efficacy.
What are the reliability and validity of the General Self Efficacy Scale?
The GSE has good reliability and validity. It has been shown to be a consistent and accurate measure of self-efficacy.
How is the General Self Efficacy Scale used?
The GSE is used in a variety of settings, including research, clinical practice, and educational settings. It is a valuable tool for assessing and enhancing self-efficacy.
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