Table of Contents
Combat Exposure Scale
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About Scale Name
Scale Name
Combat Exposure Scale
Author Details
Mark Lund, David W. Foy, Robert C. Sipprelle, and Alan Strachan
Translation Availability
Not Sure
Background/Description
The Combat Exposure Scale (CES) was developed by Mark Lund, David W. Foy, Robert C. Sipprelle, and Alan Strachan in 1984. It is a 7-item self-report measure that assesses the level of combat exposure that a person has experienced.
The CES was developed to assess the level of combat exposure that Vietnam veterans had experienced. It was based on a review of the literature on combat exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The CES has been used in a variety of research studies to assess the relationship between combat exposure and mental health outcomes. It is a reliable and valid measure of combat exposure.
The CES has been shown to be a reliable and valid measure of combat exposure. In a study of Vietnam veterans, the CES had a test-retest reliability of 0.87 and a high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.92). The CES has also been shown to be predictive of PTSD symptoms. In a study of Gulf War veterans, the CES was found to be a significant predictor of PTSD symptoms, even after controlling for other factors such as combat duty and personality traits.
The CES is a valuable tool for assessing the level of combat exposure that a person has experienced. It can be used in research and clinical settings to help understand the relationship between combat exposure and mental health outcomes.
The CES is a self-report measure, which means that it relies on the respondent to accurately report their own experiences. This can be a limitation of the CES, as some respondents may be reluctant to report their experiences, especially if they are traumatic. However, the CES is still a valuable tool for assessing combat exposure, and it is widely used in research and clinical settings.
Administration, Scoring and Interpretation
Here are the steps on how to administer the Combat Exposure Scale:
- Introduce the CES and explain that it is a measure of combat exposure.
- Read each item aloud and ask the respondent to rate their experience on the 5-point frequency scale.
- If the respondent is not sure how to answer an item, encourage them to guess.
- Do not interpret or explain the items to the respondent.
- Once the respondent has completed all 7 items, calculate their total score.
Reliability and Validity
The Combat Exposure Scale (CES) has been shown to be a reliable and valid measure of combat exposure.
Reliability refers to the consistency of the measure. The CES has been shown to have high test-retest reliability, meaning that it produces consistent results when it is administered to the same people on two different occasions. In a study of Vietnam veterans, the CES had a test-retest reliability of 0.87.
Validity refers to the extent to which the measure measures what it is supposed to measure. The CES has been shown to have good validity. It has been shown to be correlated with other measures of combat exposure, such as the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD. The CES has also been shown to be predictive of PTSD symptoms. In a study of Gulf War veterans, the CES was found to be a significant predictor of PTSD symptoms, even after controlling for other factors such as combat duty and personality traits.
Available Versions
07-Items
Reference
Lund, M., Foy, D. W., Sipprelle, R. C., & Strachan, A. (1984). The Combat Exposure Scale: A self-report measure of combat exposure. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40(4), 572-577.
Keane, T., Fairbank, J., Caddell, J., Zimering, R., Taylor, K., & Mora, C. (1989). The Combat Exposure Scale (CES). [Measurement instrument]. Available from http://www.ptsd.va.gov
Important Link
Scale File:
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the CES?
It is a self-report measure of combat exposure.
How many items does the CES have?
It has 7 items.
How is the CES scored?
It is scored on a 5-point frequency scale.
What is the range of scores on the CES?
It ranges from 0 to 41.
What is the reliability of the CES?
It has high test-retest reliability.
What is the validity of the CES?
It has good validity.
What are the uses of the CES?
It is used to assess the level of combat exposure that a person has experienced.
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