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Brief Mindfulness Measure
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About Brief Mindfulness Measure
A brief measure of mindfulness to test the prediction that mindfulness would be negatively associated with reactions to intrusive thoughts, and minimize the questionnaire load imposed on participants. The basis for the brief measure was a combination of all 39 items from the four factors observe, describe, act with awareness and accept without judgment, of the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS; Baer, Smith and Allen, 2004), along with the seven-item fifth-factor nonreactivity to inner experience’ from the Five-Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ; Baer, Smith, Hopkins, Krietemeyer, & Toney, 2006), the first four factors of which replicate the KIMS factors.
We needed a short set of items that corresponded to these five factors because the full set was deemed too long to include in a battery of other questionnaires. A total of 153 undergraduate students (109 female; mean age 21 years) at the University of Sheffield, completed the 46-items online. Each statement was rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale, anchored with (1) Never or very rarely true, and (5) Very often or always true.
Principal components analysis with oblique rotation yielded 12 factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.0, but the scree plot strongly suggested a five-factor solution. A second-factor analysis, specifying the extraction of 5 factors, confirmed that all but two of the items load in the same manner as in Baer et al. (2004, 2006): KIMS item 8, ‘I tend to evaluate whether my perceptions are right or wrong’ loaded negatively on ‘Observe’ rather than positively on ‘Accept without judgment’, and KIMS item 11, ‘I drive on “automatic pilot” without paying attention to what I’m doing, did not load onto any factor (possibly because our UK sample contained relatively few experienced drivers compared with a US sample).
Brief Mindfulness Measure
The Brief Mindfulness Measure (BMM; Table 1) consists of two items from each factor: the highest loading item (range: .67 to .83), and the item that explained most variance within its factor score after controlling for the first item (partial correlations range: .62 to .85). Split-half reliability analysis confirmed that the items in the questionnaire are measuring the same construct; the first item from each of the factors correlate with the second item from each of the factors, r = .63, p < .001.
The structure of the 10-item BMM was confirmed on an independent sample of 66 undergraduate students at the University of Sheffield who completed the 46-item questionnaire. The BMM total and factor scores correlated highly with the full 46-item total and factor scores (BMM total-46-item total r = .87; Observe r = .79; Describe r = .91, Act with awareness r = .83; Accept without judgement r = .87; Non-reactivity r = .86). Cronbach’s alpha for the original sample (∝ = .54) and the confirmatory sample (∝ = .58) was low, however, this is unsurprising given the five-factor structure of the BMM.
In order to examine the temporal stability of the BMM, a separate sample of 59 students initially completed the BMM online as part of a larger set of questionnaires, and again 30-70 days later. Good test-retest reliability was confirmed by Pearson’s r of .86 (p < .001) and a two-way mixed intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of .86. Paired sample t tests further confirmed the stability of scores from Time 1 (M = 30.93, SD = 5.75) to Time 2 (M = 31.58, SD = 6.17), t = 1.56 (58), p = .13.
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- Emotional and Behavioural Reaction to Intrusive Thoughts
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