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Social Provisions Scale
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About Scale Name
Scale Name
Social Provisions Scale
Author Details
Catherine E. Cutrona and David Russell
Translation Availability
Not Sure
Background/Description
The Social Provisions Scale (SPS) is a self-report questionnaire that measures the perceived availability of six types of social provisions: attachment, social integration, reassurance of worth, reliable alliance, guidance, and opportunity for nurturance. The SPS was developed by Catherine E. Cutrona and David Russell in 1987.
The background of the SPS is rooted in the work of Irwing Weiss (1974), who proposed that social support can be conceptualized as six distinct social provisions: attachment, social integration, reassurance of worth, reliable alliance, guidance, and opportunity for nurturance. Attachment refers to the feeling of being loved and cared for by others. Social integration refers to the feeling of being connected to and accepted by others.
Reassurance of worth refers to the feeling that one is valued and respected by others. Reliable alliance refers to the feeling that one can count on others for help and support. Guidance refers to the feeling that one can turn to others for advice and direction. Opportunity for nurturance refers to the feeling that one can give and receive care and support from others.
The SPS was developed to measure the perceived availability of these six social provisions. The scale consists of 24 items, each of which is rated on a four-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree. The items are grouped into six subscales, each of which measures the perceived availability of a specific social provision. The subscales are:
- Attachment: There are people I can depend on to help me if I really need it.
- Social integration: I feel part of a group of people who share my attitudes and beliefs.
- Reassurance of worth: Other people do not view me as competent.
- Reliable alliance: I have close relationships that provide me with a sense of emotional security and well-being.
- Guidance: There is someone I could talk to about important decisions in my life.
- Opportunity for nurturance: There is no one who shares my interests and concerns.
The SPS has been shown to have good reliability and validity. It has been used in a variety of research studies to examine the relationship between social support and mental and physical health.
Administration, Scoring and Interpretation
To administer the SPS, simply read the items to the participant and ask them to rate their agreement with each item on a four-point Likert scale. Once the participant has completed the scale, you can then score the items according to the instructions provided in the SPS manual.
Here are the steps on how to administer the Social Provisions Scale:
- Read the instructions to the participant and answer any questions they may have.
- Read each item to the participant and ask them to rate their agreement with each item on a four-point Likert scale.
- Once the participant has completed the scale, score the items according to the instructions provided in the SPS manual.
Here are some tips for administering the SPS:
- Make sure the participant is in a quiet place where they will not be interrupted.
- Read the items slowly and clearly.
- Do not interrupt the participant while they are completing the scale.
- If the participant has any questions, be sure to answer them clearly and concisely.
Reliability and Validity
- Internal consistency: The internal consistency of the Social Provisions Scale (SPS) is acceptable, with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranging from 0.60 to 0.70. This means that the items on the scale are all measuring the same construct, which is the perceived availability of six types of social provisions: attachment, social integration, reassurance of worth, reliable alliance, guidance, and opportunity for nurturance.
- Test-retest: The test-retest reliability of the SPS is moderate, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.37 to 0.66. This means that the scale is relatively stable over time, meaning that people’s scores on the scale are likely to be similar if they take it again after a few weeks or months.
- Validity
The SPS has good construct validity, meaning that it measures what it is supposed to measure. This has been demonstrated in a number of studies, including:
- In a study of first-time mothers, Cutrona (1984) found that women who had lower scores on the SPS were more likely to experience postpartum depression. This suggests that the SPS is a valid measure of the perceived availability of social support, and that lower levels of social support can lead to negative mental health outcomes.
- In a study of teachers, Russell, Altwater, and Van Velzen (1984) found that teachers with lower scores on the SPS were more likely to experience loneliness, depression, and health problems. This further supports the validity of the SPS as a measure of perceived social support.
The SPS has also been shown to have good convergent validity, meaning that it correlates with other measures of social support. For example, Cutrona (1982) found that the SPS correlated with scores on the UCLA Loneliness Scale, suggesting that the SPS is measuring a similar construct as loneliness.
The SPS also has good discriminant validity, meaning that it is able to distinguish between different types of social support. For example, Russell et al. (1984) found that the SPS subscales were differentially correlated with different types of relationships. For example, the Attachment subscale was most strongly correlated with satisfying romantic or marital relationships, while the Social Integration subscale was most strongly correlated with satisfaction with overall social relationships.
Available Versions
24-Items
Reference
Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D. W. (1987). The provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(4), 890-899.
Important Link
Scale File:
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the Social Provisions Scale?
The Social Provisions Scale is a self-report questionnaire that measures the perceived availability of six types of social provisions: attachment, social integration, reassurance of worth, reliable alliance, guidance, and opportunity for nurturance.
Who developed the Social Provisions Scale?
The Social Provisions Scale was developed by Catherine E. Cutrona and David W. Russell in 1987.
How many items does the Social Provisions Scale have?
The Social Provisions Scale has 24 items.
How is the Social Provisions Scale scored?
The Social Provisions Scale is scored by summing the scores of the 24 items. Higher scores indicate a greater perceived availability of social provisions.
What is the reliability of the Social Provisions Scale?
The Social Provisions Scale has good reliability, with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranging from 0.60 to 0.70.
What is the validity of the Social Provisions Scale?
The Social Provisions Scale has good validity, with correlations ranging from 0.28 to 0.31 with life satisfaction, loneliness, and depression.
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