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The General Scale Self-Efficacy Scale
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About The General Scale Self-Efficacy Scale
Scale Name
The General Scale Self-Efficacy Scale
Author Details
Mark Sherer, James E. Maddux, Blaise Mercandante, Steven Prentice-Dunn, Beth Jacobs, and Ronald W. Rogers
Translation Availability
Not Sure
Background/Description
Self-efficacy theory is based on the idea that an individual’s belief in their ability to control their actions and outcomes is a key driver of behavior change. According to Sherer et al. (1982), individuals who feel in control of their actions and outcomes are more likely to take action and make changes in their behavior than those who attribute their outcomes to chance or luck. This concept was first introduced by Albert Bandura in 1977 and has become a widely recognized concept in the fields of psychology and sociology.
The importance of self-efficacy has been demonstrated in various fields, such as education, employment, and health. Zimmerman (2000) found that self-efficacy is a strong predictor of student motivation and learning. Stajkovic and Luthans (1998) found that self-efficacy is positively related to job-related performance. Additionally, Schwarzer and Renner (2000) found that self-efficacy is a significant predictor of health-related behaviors.
Sherer et al. (1982) developed the General Self-Efficacy Scale (SGSES) in response to the need for a standardized measure of self-efficacy. The SGSES was specifically designed to measure self-efficacy beliefs related to mastery experiences, vocational success, and social competency. However, there has been an increasing need to measure self-efficacy in various domains. Therefore, an adapted 6-item measure incorporating both domains of General Self-Efficacy and Social Self-Efficacy was utilized in the ESRC 16-19 study and later for the Growing Up in Ireland ’98 Cohort (17-18 years). This measure was chosen because of its relationship with employment, adult life, transitions, and decision making.
Administration, Scoring and Interpretation
The General Self-Efficacy Scale (SGSES) is a self-report tool developed by Sherer et al. (1982) to measure an individual’s self-efficacy or confidence levels. The scale consists of 23 items, and respondents are asked to rate their agreement with statements on a 5-point Likert scale. The response options range from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Some of the items need to be reverse coded before scoring to ensure accurate results.
Examples of items include “When I make plans, I am certain I can make them work,” “I give up easily,” “I am a self-reliant person,” and “I avoid facing difficulties.” The SGSES is divided into two subscales, the General Self-Efficacy subscale (items 1-17) and the Specific Self-Efficacy subscale (items 18-23). The sum of the scores for each subscale reflects the individual’s self-efficacy in those domains.
To score the SGSES, some items require reverse coding before calculating the sum of each subscale. The reverse coding procedure involves reversing the score for items 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, and 22. For instance, a score of 5 becomes a score of 1, while a score of 4 becomes a score of 2. After completing the reverse coding procedure, the sum of the item scores on each subscale can be calculated to determine the individual’s self-efficacy in the specific domain. The SGSES has been used in various studies to measure self-efficacy beliefs related to mastery experiences, vocational success, and social competency.
Reliability and Validity
Sherer et al. (1982) found high levels of internal consistency reliability for both subscales of the SGSES, with a Cronbach’s alpha of .86 for the General Self-efficacy subscale and .71 for the Social Self-efficacy subscale. The authors also explored construct validity by examining correlations between the SGSES and other scales, including the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, Ego Strength Scale, Interpersonal Competency Scale, and Self-esteem Scale. Although none of these scales were interchangeable with self-efficacy, the correlations provided evidence for the construct validity of the SGSES.
Available Versions
23-Items
30-Items
Reference
Sherer, M., Maddux, J. E., Mercandante, B., Prentice-dunn, S., Jacobs, B., & Rogers, R. W. (1982). The Self-efficacy Scale: Construction and validation. Psychological Reports, 51(2), 663–671. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1982.51.2.663
Important Link
Scale File:
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the Self-Efficacy Scale?
The Self-Efficacy Scale is a standardized measure developed by Sherer et al. (1982) to assess an individual’s self-efficacy beliefs related to mastery experiences, vocational success, and social competency.
Who are the authors of the Self-Efficacy Scale?
The authors of the Self-Efficacy Scale are Mark Sherer, James E. Maddux, Blaise Mercandante, Steven Prentice-Dunn, Beth Jacobs, and Ronald W. Rogers.
How is the Self-Efficacy Scale administered and scored?
The Self-Efficacy Scale consists of 23 items, and respondents are asked to rate their agreement with statements on a 5-point Likert scale. Some of the items need to be reverse-coded before scoring to ensure accurate results. The scale is divided into two subscales, the General Self-Efficacy subscale (items 1-17) and the Specific Self-Efficacy subscale (items 18-23), and the sum of the scores for each subscale reflects the individual’s self-efficacy in those domains.
What is the reliability and validity of the Self-Efficacy Scale?
Sherer et al. (1982) found high levels of internal consistency reliability for both subscales of the SGSES, with a Cronbach’s alpha of .86 for the General Self-efficacy subscale and .71 for the Social Self-efficacy subscale. The authors also explored construct validity by examining correlations between the SGSES and other scales, including the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, Ego Strength Scale, Interpersonal Competency Scale, and Self-esteem Scale.
Is there a translated version of the Self-Efficacy Scale?
It is unclear if there is a translated version of the Self-Efficacy Scale available.
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