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Sahin–Francis Scale of Attitude toward Islam Revised Urdu
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About Scale Name
Scale Name
Sahin–Francis Scale of Attitude toward Islam Revised Urdu
Urdu Author Details
Sadia Musharraf and Christopher Alan Lewis
sadia_musharraf@hotmail.com
Translation Availability
Not Sure
Background/Description
The Sahin-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Islam (Sahin & Francis, 2002) is a self-report measure consisting of 23 items. Its purpose is to explore the correlates, antecedents, and consequences of individual variations in attitude toward Islam. The scale was developed as part of a research initiative aimed at adapting the underlying concepts of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity (Francis & Stubbs, 1987) to other world faiths (Francis, 2009).
This initiative resulted in the creation of the Katz-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Judaism (Francis & Katz, 2007), the Santosh-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Hinduism (Francis, Santosh, Robbins, & Vij, 2008), and the Astley-Francis Scale of Attitude towards Theistic Faith (Astley, Francis, & Robbins, 2012).
The Sahin-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Islam (Sahin & Francis, 2002) has undergone periodic revisions as part of an ongoing effort to refine its applicability when assessing attitudes toward Islam within diverse cultural contexts. Notably, particular attention has been given to the inclusion of six negatively worded items.
In the United Kingdom, Sahin and Francis (2002) outlined the process of translating the 24 items from the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity (Francis & Stubbs, 1987) into the context of Islam. The items were carefully examined and discussed by several Muslim scholars until a consensus was reached on 23 items that closely aligned with the domains assessed by the original instrument (Sahin & Francis, 2002, p. 40).
The six negatively worded items (items 5, 7, 15, 17, 19, and 21) were retained. Subsequently, the Sahin-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Islam was administered to a sample of 381 Muslim adolescents in the UK, primarily from Pakistani and Bangladeshi backgrounds.
In Kuwait, Francis, Sahin, and Al-Ansari (2006) and Francis, Sahin, and Al-Failakawi (2008) described the process of cultural and linguistic translation of the scale from English to Arabic. After conducting pilot work, it was found that two of the previously accepted negatively worded items in the UK (Sahin & Francis, 2002) were less acceptable in the Kuwaiti context. Consequently, modifications were made to these two items before the translation process.
The original item “Allah/God doesn’t mean anything to me” (item 17) was replaced with the positively phrased item “Allah/God means everything to me,” while the original item “I find it hard to believe in Allah/God” (item 21) was replaced with the positively phrased item “I do not find it hard to believe in Allah/God.” The revised Sahin-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Islam was subsequently administered to a sample of 1,199 Arabic-speaking Muslim adolescents in Kuwait.
In Pakistan, Musharraf, Lewis, and Sultan (2014) described the process of cultural and linguistic translation of the scale from English to Urdu. During the assessment of the scale’s cultural relevance in Pakistan, two significant concerns were identified. Firstly, it was observed that items pertaining to mosque attendance were not equally applicable to both genders. To address this, the items originally referencing the mosque were expanded to include “mosque or religious gathering.” Secondly, concerns were raised regarding the four remaining negatively worded items, particularly in light of relevant blasphemy laws (Centre for Research and Security Studies, 2012
). Consequently, modifications were made to these four items before translation. For instance, the item “I think going to Mosque is a waste of my time” (item 5) was rephrased as the positively phrased item “I think going to Mosque or religious gathering is not a waste of my time.” The revised Urdu translation of the Sahin-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Islam, without any negatively worded items, was then administered to a sample of 174 bilingual English- and Urdu-speaking Muslim university students in Pakistan.
In Malaysia, Francis, Tekke, and Robbins (2016) undertook a cultural and linguistic translation process for the scale. A critical review of the evolving set of items was conducted, leading to further revisions to enhance their quality. Consequently, the item “I think going to the mosque or religious gathering is not a waste of my time” was rephrased as “Going to the mosque or religious gathering is a good use of my time,” and the item “I think mosque sermons/khutbah or religious meetings/deeni mehfilen are not boring” was revised as “Mosque sermons/khutbah or religious meetings/deeni mehfilen are interesting.”
Subsequently, the Sahin-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Islam Revised, without any negatively worded items, was administered to a sample of 189 Sunni Muslim university students in Malaysia.
Administration, Scoring and Interpretation
The Sahin–Francis Scale of Attitude toward Islam Revised (SF-SAI-R) is a 15-item self-report scale that measures attitudes towards Islam. The scale is scored on a 5-point Likert scale, with 1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree.
To administer the SF-SAI-R, you will need to provide the following instructions to the participant:
- This scale measures your attitudes towards Islam. Please read each statement carefully and indicate how strongly you agree or disagree with each statement.
- There are no right or wrong answers, and your responses will be confidential.
- Please indicate your response by circling the number on the scale that best reflects your opinion.
Once the participant has completed the scale, you will need to score it by adding up the responses for each item. The total score can range from 15 to 75, with higher scores indicating more positive attitudes towards Islam.
Reliability and Validity
The Urdu translation of the Sahin–Francis Scale of Attitude toward Islam Revised (SF-SAI-R) has been shown to have good reliability and validity. In a study by Musharraf et al. (2014), the Urdu translation of the SF-SAI-R was administered to 174 Pakistani university students. The results showed that the scale had an internal consistency reliability coefficient of .89, indicating that the items were all measuring the same construct. The scale also showed good construct validity, as it was significantly correlated with other measures of religious attitudes, such as the Allport–Gough scale of religious intolerance.
In another study by Francis et al. (2016), the Urdu translation of the SF-SAI-R was administered to 20 Malaysian university students. The results showed that the scale had an internal consistency reliability coefficient of .86, and it was significantly correlated with a measure of religious behavior, such as frequency of mosque attendance.
Overall, the evidence suggests that the Urdu translation of the SF-SAI-R is a reliable and valid measure of attitudes towards Islam. It can be used to assess attitudes towards Islam in Urdu-speaking populations.
Available Versions
23-Items
Reference
Sadia Musharraf & Christopher Alan Lewis (2016) Urdu translation of the Sahin–Francis Scale of Attitude toward Islam Revised: a response and update to Francis, Tekke, and Robbins (2016), Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 19:5, 459-463, DOI: 10.1080/13674676.2016.1198754
Important Link
Scale File:
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the purpose of the Urdu translation of the SF-SAI-R?
To assess attitudes towards Islam in Urdu-speaking populations.
What is the reliability of the Urdu translation of the SF-SAI-R?
Good, with an internal consistency reliability coefficient of .89.
What is the validity of the Urdu translation of the SF-SAI-R?
Good, as it was significantly correlated with other measures of religious attitudes.
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