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Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory
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About Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory
Scale Name
Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory
Author Details
Reuven Bar-On
Translation Availability
Not Sure
Background/Description
The Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (Bar-On, 1997) is a self-report measure of emotional intelligence for individuals sixteen years of age and over. Developed as a measure of emotionally and socially competent behavior that provides an estimate of one’s emotional and social intelligence, the Emotional Quotient Inventory is not meant to measure personality traits or cognitive capacity, but rather to measure one’s ability to be successful in dealing with environmental demands and pressures (Bar-On, 2002; Dawda & Hart, 2000).
One hundred and thirty three items are used to obtain a Total EQ (Total Emotional Quotient) and to produce five composite scales corresponding to the five main components of the Bar-On model: Intrapersonal EQ, Interpersonal EQ, Adaptability EQ, Stress Management EQ, and General Mood EQ (Bar-On, 2002).
Emotional Quotient Inventory originally consists of 133 items and is copyright material of Multi Health Systems (MHS). The same has been used in Pakistan by Kiani (2003) who contacted MHS and requested to send the items of EQ-i, which were to be used only for research purpose. MHS sent the related material, in which there is a resource report containing 117 items distributed into 15 sub scales of EQ-I.
Out of total 117 items, 12 items also overlap with other subscales (Kiani, 2003).the same instrument is used in the present study as Kiani (2003) has demonstrated fair indices of psychometric soundness of the inventory. The alpha reliability coefficient was reported to be .94 for the overall inventory and it ranged from .42 to .71 for different component subscales.
The Bar-On EQ-i consists of five point self-rating response format.55 items were positively scored and 62 items were negatively scored. Positively scored items will score 1 for the first choice i.e. “very seldom or not true of me”, 2 for the second choice “seldom true of me”, 3 for the third choice “sometimes true of me”, 4 for the forth choice “often true of me”, and 5 for fifth choice “very often true of me or true of me”. Negatively scored items will get score 5 for the first choice, 4 for the second choice, 3 for the third choice, 2 for the fourth choice and 1 for the fifth choice. In this way all the negatively scored items were scored inversely.
The Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory was normed on approximately 4000 respondents from the United States and Canada. Earlier versions of the Emotional Quotient Inventory (which relied on 12 sub-scales rather than the current 15) were normed internationally. These norms are presented in the technical manual for use with non-North American participants. The majority of the North American normative sample were white (79%) and under the age of 30 years, with equal representation of males and females (Bar-On, 2002).
Stability estimates of the Emotional Quotient Inventory (in the form of test-retest reliability after 1 and 4 months, respectively) were reported as .85 (N=44) and .75 (N=27). It should be noted that no stability estimate were reported for the North American sample; these figures reflect the South African sample. Based on seven population samples, the authors reported internal consistency (in the form of Cronbach’s alpha ) as ranging from .69 to .86 for the 15 subscales and an overall average internal consistency of .76 (Bar-On, 2002).
The Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory is a complete test in that it can classify each respondent within the range of EQ scores and can be used in a multitude of settings and situations, including corporate, educational, clinical, medical, and research. Content validity is reported by the authors as being adequate in that items for each sub-component were generated and selected in a systematic approach.
Additionally, items analyses were conducted in an effort to extract items unrelated to the definitions, and feedback was provided by subjects who were interviewed in the early stages of test development. Structural validity was established through factor analysis to test the hierarchical structure of Bar-On’s model of emotional intelligence. Analysis supported the five components of emotional intelligence ( GFI= .971), however, exploratory factor analysis found support for a 13-factor model of sub-components rather than Bar-On’s proposed 15 factor model (Bar-On,2002).
Construct validity was illustrated through measures of convergent and divergent validity. No significant correlations were found between the Emotional Quotient Inventory and several measures of standard intelligence (Bar-On, 2002; Brackett & Mayer, 2003), although Emotional Quotient Inventory has been found to be significantly correlated to measures of psychological and subjective well-being (r =.54 & r = .35) and to all of the Big Five personality factors as measured by the NEO PI-R (r = .16 to -.57; Brackett & Mayer, 2003).
Likewise , research has found that the Total EQ scale was positively correlated with three of the best indicators of emotional functioning is in a measure of personality, with acculturation ( r = .34), and with sense of competence (r = .51), while being negatively correlated with other indicators of abnormal emotional functioning(Bar-On, 2002).
Administration, Scoring and Interpretation
To administer the EQ-i, the following steps should be taken:
- Provide respondents with the EQ-i questionnaire and answer any questions they may have.
- Instruct respondents to read each item carefully and rate themselves on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 = “strongly disagree” and 5 = “strongly agree.”
- Allow respondents enough time to complete the questionnaire without feeling rushed.
- Collect the completed questionnaires and score them using the EQ-i scoring manual or software.
Reliability and Validity
These norms are presented in the technical manual for use with non-North American participants. The majority of the North American normative sample were white (79%) and under the age of 30 years, with equal representation of males and females (Bar-On, 2002). Stability estimates of the Emotional Quotient Inventory (in the form of test-retest reliability after 1 and 4 months, respectively) were reported as .85 (N=44) and .75 (N=27).
It should be noted that no stability estimate were reported for the North American sample; these figures reflect the South African sample. Based on seven population samples, the authors reported internal consistency (in the form of Cronbach’s alpha ) as ranging from .69 to .86 for the 15 subscales and an overall average internal consistency of .76 (Bar-On, 2002).
The Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory is a complete test in that it can classify each respondent within the range of EQ scores and can be used in a multitude of settings and situations, including corporate, educational, clinical, medical, and research. Content validity is reported by the authors as being adequate in that items for each sub-component were generated and selected in a systematic approach.
Additionally, items analyses were conducted in an effort to extract items unrelated to the definitions, and feedback was provided by subjects who were interviewed in the early stages of test development. Structural validity was established through factor analysis to test the hierarchical structure of Bar-On’s model of emotional intelligence. Analysis supported the five components of emotional intelligence ( GFI= .971), however, exploratory factor analysis found support for a 13-factor model of sub-components rather than Bar-On’s proposed 15 factor model (Bar-On,2002).
Construct validity was illustrated through measures of convergent and divergent validity. No significant correlations were found between the Emotional Quotient Inventory and several measures of standard intelligence (Bar-On, 2002; Brackett & Mayer, 2003), although Emotional Quotient Inventory has been found to be significantly correlated to measures of psychological and subjective well-being (r =.54 & r = .35) and to all of the Big Five personality factors as measured by the NEO PI-R (r = .16 to -.57; Brackett & Mayer, 2003).
Likewise , research has found that the Total EQ scale was positively correlated with three of the best indicators of emotional functioning is in a measure of personality, with acculturation ( r = .34), and with sense of competence (r = .51), while being negatively correlated with other indicators of abnormal emotional functioning(Bar-On, 2002).
Comparisons with other measures of emotional intelligence indicated that the Emotional Quotient Inventory correlates only minimally with the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (r = .21) but more significantly with another self-report measure of emotional intelligence, the Self Reports Emotional Intelligence Test (Schutte, Malouff, Hall, Haggerty, Cooper, & Golden, 1998).
Available Versions
117-Items
Reference
Bar-On R. (2006). The Bar-On model of emotional-social intelligence (ESI). Psicothema, 18 Suppl, 13–25.
Important Link
Scale File:
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What is the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory?
A: The EQ-i is a self-report questionnaire that measures emotional and social intelligence (ESI).
Q: What does the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventorymeasure?
A: The EQ-i measures ESI across five domains: intrapersonal, interpersonal, stress management, adaptability, and general mood.
Q: How is the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory administered?
A: The EQ-i can be administered in individual or group settings. Respondents are asked to rate themselves on a series of items that describe their emotional and social competencies.
Q: How is the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory scored?
A: The EQ-i is scored using a scoring manual or software. The EQ-i provides scores for each of the five domains, as well as a total EQ score.
Q: How reliable and valid is the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory?
A: The EQ-i is a reliable and valid measure of ESI. It has been extensively researched and has been shown to be a good predictor of a variety of outcomes, such as job performance, academic achievement, and mental health.
Q: What are some of the uses of the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory?
A: The EQ-i can be used for a variety of purposes, including personal development, organizational development, and research.
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