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Urdu Aggression Questionnaire
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About Scale Name
Scale Name
Urdu Aggression Questionnaire
Author Details
Sohni Siddiqui, Anjum Bano Kazmi and Zahid Ahmed
Translation Availability
Not Sure
Background/Description
The national language of Pakistan is Urdu and it is used as a lingua franca across the country as Pakistan is a multilingual country. Mahboob (2007) stated that in Pakistan, English is the third option for communication, whereas Urdu and local regional languages are at second and at first place. Learning English is challenging for the people of Pakistan dealt as it is both a multilingual and multicultural society (Khan et al., 2017). These findings indicated that most of the people living in Pakistan are unable to communicate in, understand or write English and using western tools to measure aggression among Pakistanis will not present reliable data.
The study aims to address the issue of aggression, which is considered an undesirable behavior as it goes against societal norms, morals, and ethical standards. The scarcity of identification tools and evidence-based interventions in Pakistan prompted the development of a self-reported questionnaire in Urdu language to determine the prevalence of aggression among the people.
The research design followed the principles of scale development, with exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis as methods. A panel of educationists from diverse backgrounds helped generate items and establish content validity. The results of the factor analysis confirmed the three-factor construct of direct, displaced, and indirect aggression with good inner consistency, reliability, and validity.
Moreover, the study explored and discussed the impact of age and gender on different forms of aggression. This research provides value by creating a tool for identifying aggression issues among common people using cultural and social perspectives of Pakistani society.
Administration, Scoring and Interpretation
Preparing for administration: Ensure that all necessary materials are available, such as the questionnaire, instructions, and any other relevant forms.
Informed consent: Obtain informed consent from participants before administering the questionnaire. Explain the purpose of the study, how the data will be collected, and how confidentiality will be maintained.
Instructions: Provide clear instructions on how to complete the questionnaire. Explain that there are no right or wrong answers and that participants should answer honestly.
Administration: Administer the questionnaire to participants individually or in groups. Allow enough time for participants to read and answer the questions.
Scoring: Once completed, score the questionnaire according to the scoring guidelines provided in the manual.
Reliability and Validity
The newly developed UAQ has demonstrated good internal consistency and reliability in measuring aggression, making it a valid tool. The study aimed to explore gender differences using the UAQ. The results showed no significant disparity in direct or displaced aggression between male and female participants, consistent with Ellis and Rothbart’s (2001) findings and contrasting with Bjo¨rkqvist’s (2018) study, which found that boys had a greater inclination towards direct physical aggression.
However, the current study did reveal a significant difference in indirect aggression between men and women, aligning with the outcomes of Bjo¨rkqvist (2018) and Richardson and Green (2006), which showed a higher level of indirect aggression among women. This finding is in line with previous research suggesting that women are reactive to harassment but do not exhibit aggression to the same extent as men.
The root cause of this difference may be due to societal discouragement of direct aggression in women, resulting in the increased use of indirect forms of aggression instead. Similar to women in other developing countries, Pakistani women’s socio-cultural beliefs prevent them from responding directly to provocateurs (Farooqi, 2004), leading to a marked difference in the levels of indirect aggression exhibited by women and men.
Another notable finding of the study was a significant difference in the level of aggression across different age groups, as highlighted by Hipwell et al. (2002). Pearson’s Correlation indicated that direct, displaced, and indirect aggression levels decrease with increasing age, contrary to O’Connor et al.’s (2001) results, which found no significant differences in aggression across age groups. One possible explanation for this trend is an increase in maturity with age, allowing individuals to manage their emotions and feelings of aggression more effectively.
Finally, the study discovered that individuals who display one form of aggression are also likely to exhibit other forms of aggressive behavior, supporting Archer and Webb’s (2006) findings. Therefore, the study concluded that individuals with a propensity for one type of aggression are more likely to display other forms of aggressive behavior as well.
Available Versions
24-Items
Reference
Siddiqui, S., Kazmi, A. B., & Ahmed, Z. (2021). Measuring aggression in the South Asian context: The development and psychometric assessment of the Urdu aggression questionnaire. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 13(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1108/JACPR-05-2020-0509
Important Link
Scale File:
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the Urdu Aggression Questionnaire?
The Urdu Aggression Questionnaire (UAQ) is a self-reported questionnaire developed in the Urdu language to determine the prevalence of aggression among people in Pakistan.
Who are the authors of the UAQ?
The authors of the UAQ are Sohni Siddiqui, Anjum Bano Kazmi, and Zahid Ahmed.
Why was the UAQ developed?
The scarcity of identification tools and evidence-based interventions in Pakistan prompted the development of the UAQ to address the issue of aggression, which is considered an undesirable behavior in Pakistani society.
How was the UAQ developed?
The UAQ was developed following the principles of scale development, with exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis as methods. A panel of educationists from diverse backgrounds helped generate items and establish content validity.
How is the UAQ administered?
The UAQ should be administered after obtaining informed consent from participants. Clear instructions on how to complete the questionnaire should be provided, and participants should be allowed enough time to read and answer the questions. Once completed, the questionnaire should be scored according to the scoring guidelines provided in the manual.
What is the reliability and validity of the UAQ?
The UAQ has demonstrated good internal consistency and reliability in measuring aggression, making it a valid tool.
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