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Leisure Motivation Scale
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About Leisure Motivation Scale
Scale Name
Leisure Motivation Scale
Author Details
John Beard and Michael Ragheb
Translation Availability
Not Sure
Background/Description
The Leisure Motivation Scale (LMS) is a powerful tool that delves into the fascinating world of what makes us tick when it comes to leisure activities. Developed by John Beard and Michael Ragheb, this scale goes beyond surface-level enjoyment, unveiling the diverse tapestry of motivations that drive us to pursue hobbies, vacations, and all things recreation.
Think of it as a map of the psychological landscape guiding our leisure choices. It identifies seven distinct types of motivations, each offering a unique lens through which we approach our free time:
- Intrinsic Motivations: These are the internal drivers, fueled by the innate joy of the activity itself. They include:
- Intrinsic Motivation toward Knowledge: The desire to learn, explore, and expand our understanding.
- Intrinsic Motivation toward Accomplishment: The satisfaction gained from mastering a skill or achieving a set goal.
- Intrinsic Motivation toward Stimulation: The craving for excitement, novelty, and challenge.
- Extrinsic Motivations: These are the external forces that nudge us towards certain activities. They include:
- External Regulation: Participating due to pressure or obligation from others, like societal expectations or family demands.
- Introjected Regulation: Engaging in activities out of guilt or anxiety, feeling like we “should” do them rather than truly wanting to.
- Identified Regulation: Participating because we recognize the personal value and benefits an activity offers, aligning with our goals or sense of self.
- Amotivation: The complete absence of any interest or desire to engage in leisure activities.
The LMS helps us understand the complex interplay between these motivations. A single activity might be driven by a blend of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. For instance, playing tennis might satisfy our desire for competition (intrinsic) while also fulfilling our commitment to staying healthy (external).
This knowledge has wide-ranging applications. Researchers use the LMS to understand why people choose specific leisure activities, how their motivations influence their experiences, and what factors contribute to leisure satisfaction. For practitioners, the scale informs marketing strategies, program development, and policy decisions related to tourism, recreation, and education.
Ultimately, the LMS empowers us to understand ourselves better. By exploring our own leisure motivations, we can make informed choices, maximize our enjoyment, and ensure that our free time truly serves its purpose: to refresh, recharge, and live life to the fullest.
So, the next time you pick up a book, lace up your running shoes, or embark on an adventure, take a moment to ponder the “why” behind it. The Leisure Motivation Scale can be your guide, unveiling the hidden layers of desire that shape our leisure lives and make them uniquely our own.
Administration, Scoring and Interpretation
- Prepare materials: Print or copy the LMS questionnaire for each participant. Ensure clear instructions and answer choices are included. Consider using online survey platforms for digital administration.
- Obtain informed consent: Clearly explain the purpose of the study, how data will be used, and participants’ rights. Obtain written or verbal consent before proceeding.
- Provide instructions: Briefly explain the LMS, emphasizing that there are no right or wrong answers and honesty is crucial. Explain the rating scale used (usually Likert-type, e.g., 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).
- Answer questions: Clarify any doubts participants might have about the instructions or scale items.
- Allow sufficient time: Provide enough time for participants to complete the questionnaire comfortably. Estimate around 15-20 minutes for LMS-28 and slightly longer for LMS-32.
- Collect completed questionnaires: Ensure all participants have finished and collect the answered questionnaires.
Reliability and Validity
The Leisure Motivation Scale (LMS) has been the subject of extensive research, and its reliability and validity have been well-established over the years. Here’s a breakdown of its strengths and points to consider:
- Internal consistency: Several studies have reported high Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for the overall LMS and its subscales, ranging from 0.80 to 0.93. This indicates strong internal consistency, meaning the items within each subscale measure the same underlying construct reliably.
- Test-retest reliability: The LMS has also demonstrated good test-retest reliability, with correlations between scores obtained at different time points exceeding 0.70 in some studies. This suggests that the scale produces consistent results even across time.
- Content validity: The LMS items directly tap into the seven theoretical motivational dimensions, ensuring good content validity. The scale has been developed based on relevant theories and empirical research.
- Construct validity: Evidence for construct validity comes from various studies:
- Convergent validity: The LMS scores correlate positively with other measures of related constructs, such as leisure satisfaction and perceived benefits of leisure activities.
- Discriminant validity: The LMS subscales show distinct patterns of correlations with other variables, supporting their differentiation as separate constructs.
- Cross-cultural validity: The LMS has been adapted and validated for use in different cultural contexts, demonstrating some degree of cross-cultural validity.
Available Versions
48-Items
Reference
Beard, J. G., & Ragheb, M. G. (1983). Measuring leisure motivation. Journal of leisure research, 15(3), 219-228.
Important Link
Scale File:
Frequently Asked Questions
What does the LMS measure?
The LMS measures seven different types of motivations that drive people to engage in leisure activities. These motivations can be categorized into intrinsic (internal desires) and extrinsic (external influences).
How reliable and valid is the LMS?
The LMS has been shown to be reliable and valid in numerous studies. It has high internal consistency and test-retest reliability, demonstrating consistency in scoring over time. Evidence also supports its construct validity, suggesting it measures the intended motivations accurately. However, limitations like sample bias and single-question items in some versions exist.
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